Diabetes is a very serious disease to which, according to statistics, almost every fourth person is susceptible. As the number of patients today exceeds 350 million, the diabetes diet is being carefully studied, which experts say should be followed not only by patients but also by people predisposed to the disease.
Overweight, genetic predisposition or stomach ailments can lead to abrupt cessation of insulin production and other unpleasant symptoms, and following a diet will become a necessary measure to maintain a normal state.
Characteristics of nutrition in diabetes mellitus
The diet for diabetes can vary greatly depending on the type of disease. As a rule, there are 2 main types of diabetes mellitus, in which there are several forms and rules of diet, which is due to the causes of metabolic disorders and the conversion of sugar into glucose.
But every type of disease requires adherence to common eating habits.
Basic dietary guidelines for diabetes
Nutrition in diabetes should be carried out in strict compliance with the basic rules. So for both types of disease there are the following aspects in the diet:
- The diet should contain protein, fat and carbohydrates in a balanced ratio to the presence of the disease.
- The number of meals should be increased slightly. So, you should eat every 3-4 hours in small portions, meals for diabetics should be low in calories.
- The caloric content of foods and dishes should be calculated carefully and carefully - it should not exceed the daily energy consumption. Otherwise, the likelihood of gaining weight increases, which in diabetes is fraught with complications.
- Almost every diet for patients with this disease pursues the basics of proper and balanced nutrition. You need to include in the diet vegetables and fruits, carbohydrates and proteins, do not neglect fats and amino acids.
It should be noted that each patient should consult with their healthcare professional about the nutritional basis for their particular case. It is not recommended to follow a certain diet, even if it is intended for people with diabetes, without consulting a doctor.
The attending physician must calculate the calorie content of the patient, as well as make certain changes in accordance with the individual characteristics of the organism.
Type 1 diabetes and diet
Strange as it may sound, the diet for type 1 diabetes is based on the proper use of insulin, so here you should consider the use of foods that significantly raise blood sugar.
It turns out that for such patients the diet does not require any restrictions, only proper reading and timely introduction of insulin into the blood is necessary. Here are the following principles and rules for insulin administration:
- Foods that do not contain many carbohydrates should not be considered. For example, meat and fish, eggs and cheese, cottage cheese and butter can be consumed in reasonable quantities, but their consumption should not be reduced or eliminated.
- Only products containing carbohydrates can be counted - these are flour and confectionery, as well as plant products and liquid dairy products.
Insulin should be given depending on the amount of food consumed. You also need to adjust to food consumption in time. Here you must use the following principles and rules for insulin administration:
- if the treatment is with short-acting insulin, then it is administered 20 minutes before a meal;
- if the treatment is carried out with insulin of medium duration of action, then its introduction is 40 minutes before meals;
- when using the combined type of insulin, it is administered according to the scheme 20 minutes before breakfast, every 3 hours during the day and half an hour before a full dinner.
The insulin dose should be calculated according to the amount of food consumed. The calculation is done by calculating bread units (XE).
The unit is 25 g of a piece of bread (10-12 g of carbohydrates), which raises a person's blood sugar by 1. 8 mmol / L.
Your doctor can tell you exactly what the calculations are. Also, to accurately calculate the insulin dose, you need to study the table that shows the indicators of carbohydrate content in each product.
Type 2 diabetes and diet
The diet for type 2 diabetes differs significantly from the type 1 diet. Here, not only the products allowed for consumption should be taken into account, but also the calorie content of the daily diet should be carefully monitored. So, here are the following indicators:
- the normal daily calorie content should be in the range of 1600-2500 kcal, depending on the patient's weight and energy consumption;
- in the presence of overweight, the calorie content must be reduced to 1300-1500 kcal;
- if you are very overweight, your doctor can reduce the calorie content to 1000 kcal per day;
- there are times when overweight significantly exceeds the norm and the daily calorie content is reduced to 600-900 kcal.
The caloric content of food should be calculated by the attending physician, as it takes into account not only the indicators of a person's weight, but also the presence of such diseases as cardiac arrhythmias, severe chronic diseases, gout and mental disorders.
The diet for type 2 diabetics is as follows:
- Carbohydrates from the total daily diet should not exceed 55%. Preference should be given to those products that are rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. For example, wholemeal bread, whole grains, legumes and vegetables. As for products containing sugar, they are completely abandoned. Instead of sugar, the consumption of xylitol or sorbitol in the amount of 0. 5 g per 1 kg of the patient's weight is allowed, divided simultaneously into 2-3 doses.
- Protein for a patient with type 2 diabetes is allowed according to the physiological norm of a healthy person - 90 g per day. Preference should be given to lean meat in the form of poultry, lean fish and cottage cheese. The daily intake of protein in the diet is 15-20%.
- 30% of the daily ration contains fats, which enter the body to a greater extent than vegetable oils.
- They consume salt and fatty foods in limited quantities.
Experts advise to take seriously the diet of patients with diabetes. It is better to make a menu for every day, for 2-3 days or even for a whole week.
It will not be superfluous to present it to the attending physician, who will be able to make adjustments according to the patient's health condition.
Characteristics of a low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes
As a rule, the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, which requires immediate elimination in order to be able to more easily tolerate the disease and not expose the body to sharp and significant "jumps" in blood sugar levels.
Thus, many experts offer a low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes. What is it?
Scientists suggest that it is quite difficult for sick people to adhere to proper nutrition and basic principles immediately after diagnosing their disease.
In addition, the main task here is to get rid of excess weight, therefore the patient must reduce calorie intake, which is not always possible.
And so, a person begins to suffer from a sharp drop in blood sugar levels, which follows in connection with constant hunger. This, according to scientists, can be easily avoided by eating more protein.
Protein foods are great for weight loss. In addition, protein foods are the safest in diabetes. This diet is more reminiscent of the well-known "Kremlin".
But such a diet should be resorted to only with the permission of the attending physician, as the intake of protein in the body in large quantities can be dangerous to health and provoke exacerbation of chronic diseases.
If the presented diet is followed, it is recommended to take special vitamins for diabetics, which will be prescribed by your doctor.
Principles and basics of the diet "Table number 9".
Most experts support not only proper nutrition, but also the use of special medical diets.
So, especially for patients with the presented disease, a diet called "Table № 9" was developed, which corresponds to the approved list of all medical nutritional bases.
She points out exactly how to eat diabetes, lists the permitted and prohibited foods.
The presented menu is also divided into two categories, which correspond to the 1st and 2nd type of the disease. But there are general principles that need to be learned and followed in order to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Principles of the diet "Table number 9".
The presented diet contains basic principles that must be taken into account without a doubt. These include the following aspects:
- Food can be taken up to 6 times a day. The main feature is that you need to eat every 3 hours in small portions.
- The menu for diabetics is made without the inclusion of fried, spicy, fatty foods.
- You can eat only cooked, stewed and baked dishes.
- Sweets for diabetics should be replaced with natural products or with the addition of sweeteners.
"Table No. 9" contains a complete list of foods that are allowed for consumption, rich in vitamins and other useful trace elements. You should pay attention to fruits high in ascorbic acid, which are allowed to be consumed in small quantities during the day.
What you can eat with diabetes
The presented diet fully shows patients what can be eaten with diabetes of any kind. These foods are recommended to be included in the diet to maintain sugar levels and prevent complications. Authorized products include:
- all flour products made from wholemeal and wholemeal flour;
- low-fat sausages and fatty inclusions;
- all types of fish associated with low-fat varieties;
- all kinds of lean meat;
- green and green vegetables;
- low sugar fruits;
- oats, buckwheat and millet are allowed from cereals;
- all kinds of low-fat dairy products;
- tea, freshly squeezed juices from permitted fruits and vegetables, herbal teas are permitted from beverages.
Authorized foods are consumed according to the above rules and characteristics, depending on the type of disease.
What not to eat with diabetes
In the diet "Table number 9" there is a list of foods that are prohibited, they must be consumed with the utmost vigilance and accuracy. The list of prohibited products includes:
- all kinds of sweets, including sweets with a high sugar content (kind of sweet);
- fatty poultry;
- salinity in the form of salted fish, salted canned food and other pickles;
- fatty and drinkable fermented milk products, such as baked milk, cream and yoghurt;
- you can not eat strong meat broths;
- pasta, rice and semolina are prohibited - increase sugar levels;
- hot spices, condiments, snacks;
- sweet fruits;
- industrial packaging juices - have a high sugar content;
- all kinds of alcoholic beverages.
The type of disease in this case in no way affects the possibility of consuming forbidden foods. According to experts, even patients with type 1 diabetes should adhere to a diet so as not to aggravate the situation.
Controversial fruits and vegetables for diabetes
There are several controversial issues in the diet of people with diabetes. By saying that natural products, including spices, are allowed, doctors themselves are beginning to restrict patients from using them. What is the reason for this?
Controversial fruits in diabetes
The article repeatedly mentions that in the presence of the presented disease unsweetened fruits are allowed for consumption. They contain little sugar and therefore will not harm the patient in any way.
However, what fruits can be eaten with diabetes, even patients with long experience do not know exactly. Needless to say, the ban on the use of grapes, but there are several controversial fruits, including:
- Paradise apple. Is it possible to eat a paradise apple with diabetes if its taste vaguely resembles jam. It is this fact that confuses most patients.
As it turns out, in fact, this fruit contains many vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and sucrose. This fact allows even sick people to use Paradise Apple, as it has a beneficial effect on the body. But this fruit also has a high glycemic index - 70%.
It turns out that you can eat a paradise apple, but only in limited quantities - 70 g of fruit are 1 XE. Persimmon in type 2 diabetes is also allowed for consumption, but in limited quantities - no more than 1 fruit per day.
- tangerines. Citrus fruits are allowed for diabetics, but in moderation. But whether it is possible to eat tangerines with diabetes is debatable.
The fact is that tangerines contain a large amount of carbohydrates, which leads to a sharp rise in blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. That is why experts advise not to eat tangerines, even in moderation.
- Watermelon and melon. By the end of summer, melons ripen, which encourages patients to eat watermelon and melon.
These fruits have a high glycemic index - 75% and 65%, respectively. This leads to a sudden release of sugar in the patient's blood, which provokes malaise and leads to seizures.
These products for diabetics are prohibited or require the use of bread units. Each patient should consult the attending physician, who can calculate the permitted dose of fruit for consumption.
Controversial vegetables and roots in diabetes
The use of vegetables in diabetes is also controversial.
Many patients do not even realize that vegetables and root crops such as potatoes, carrots, beets and tomatoes are strictly prohibited.
The listed vegetables contain a large amount of glucose, starch and sugar, which is unacceptable for consumption by patients with diabetes.
The following products are also subject to review:
- Jerusalem artichoke for diabetesRecommended for use by many experts. It contains a lot of amino acids, trace elements and inulin, which is at least 80%. This enzyme is a polysaccharide made up of many fructose chains. It turns out that this root should not be consumed in unlimited quantities, but should be included in the diet for diabetes, as its benefits lie in preventing the occurrence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Pumpkin is a useful vegetable for diabetics. It contains a large amount of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, which has a positive effect on weight control and maintenance, and also contributes to weight loss. As a result, it turns out that pumpkin with type 2 diabetes should definitely be eaten, you just need to carefully monitor the amount of product per serving, as it also has a high sugar content.
- Sauerkraut with diabetes also causes a lot of controversy, because, as already mentioned above, salting is prohibited for patients. However, this type of salting is allowed for consumption by patients with type 2 diabetes. Cabbage and pickles improve metabolism, which leads to gradual weight loss. It also has beneficial properties for the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you can use sauerkraut, but only in small quantities.
Looking at recipes for diabetics, you can discover many interesting things in the use of foods, including vegetables and fruits.
Here you need to carefully consider the required amount of cooking products. If necessary, you need to calculate the amount of food you are allowed to eat.
Healthy foods for diabetes
In diabetics, some natural products act only as a beneficial effect on the functioning of the whole organism. For example, you cannot completely rule out glucose consumption. It is at the heart of most processes in the human body, which acts as an integral part.
Based on the need and benefits of using natural products for diabetes, scientists give their list, which lists all the properties that must be observed when choosing and when compiling a diet.
Honey
Most patients refuse to consume honey. It seems to contain a lot of sugar and glucose. As it turns out, this natural product is only 40% sucrose. But it contains the same amount of glucose that can leave the use of honey banned for diabetes.
However, experts say that honey is simply indispensable in diabetes. They can replace regular and regular sugar.
Portion of honey in type 2 diabetes should not exceed 1-2 tbsp. Divide it into several steps: add to baked goods or tea.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to the composition of the spice in the body increases the sensitivity of cells to insulin produced, which helps to normalize and reduce blood sugar levels.
In addition, cinnamon in diabetes helps cleanse blood vessels and internal organs of toxins and toxins, which has a positive effect on the prevention of thrombophlebitis and other serious diseases.
For a pleasant application with cinnamon, add half a teaspoon to your tea or coffee. You can also sprinkle all the dishes with spices a little, according to your taste and preferences.
Bay leaf
Bay leaf in diabetes is necessary for use, but is contraindicated in the presence of serious diseases. So this natural product should be used to strengthen immunity, speed up metabolism, cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.
On the other hand, bay leaves should not be consumed by people with late-stage diabetes, kidney disease or stomach ulcers.
Bay leaf is mandatory in type 2 diabetes, in which the patient is overweight and high in cholesterol.
The use of bay leaves in the form of a dressing for dishes is allowed, but it is still more useful to use an infusion. To prepare it, take 10 bay leaves and pour three cups of boiling water.
Leave the infusion to infuse for 3-4 hours. Take the composition of 100 g up to three times a day and a half hours before meals. This will help keep your glucose levels at the right level.
Stevia
Almost no one knows about the benefits of stevia in diabetes, but regular use of the infusion helps maintain glucose levels, strengthens blood vessels, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure and significantly improves blood microcirculation.
The collection is easy to buy at the pharmacy. It should be brewed according to the instructions, and herbal tea should be drunk hot and in small sips.
Eat diabetes properly, in accordance with the basic recommendations of specialists. This way you can keep your blood sugar level healthy and feel great in any emergency.